<p>Etymology The etymology of Apollo is uncertain Several instances of popular etymology are attested from ancient authors Thus Plato in Cratylus connects the name with redeem with purification and with simple in particular in reference to the Thessalian form of the name and finally with ever shooting Hesychius connects the name Apollo with the Doric which means assembly so that Apollo would be the god of political life and he also gives the explanation fold in which case Apollo would be the god of flocks and herds It is also possible that apellai derives from an old form of Apollo which can be equated with Appaliunas an Anatolian god whose name possibly means father lion or father light The Greeks later associated Apollo s name with the Greek verb apollymi meaning to destroy It has also been suggested that Apollo comes from the Hurrian and Hittite divinity Aplu who was widely evoked during the plague years Aplu it is suggested comes from the Akkadian Aplu Enlil meaning the s
on of Enlil a title that was given to the god Nergal who was linked to Shamash Babylonian god of the sun Origins of cult There are generally two broad opinions on the origins of Apollo one derives him from the East the other connects him to the Dorians and their apellai cf also the month Apellaios In any case Walter Burkert notes that components of various origins are discernible in his worship a Dorian Greek a Cretan Minoan and a Syro Hittite According to the first opinion both Greek and Etruscan Apollo came to the Aegean during the Iron Age i e from c 1100 BCE to c 800 BCE from Anatolia Homer pictures him on the side of the Trojans against the Achaeans during the Trojan War and he has close affiliations with a Luwian deity Apaliunas who in turn seems to have traveled west from further east The Late Bronze Age from 17001200 BCE Hittite and Hurrian Aplu like the Homeric Apollo was a god of plagues and resembles the mouse god Apollo Smintheus Here we have an apotropaic situat
ion where a god originally bringing the plague was invoked to end it merging over time through fusion with the Mycenaean healer god Paieon PA JA WO in Linear B Paean in Homer s Iliad was the Greek healer of the wounded gods Ares and Hades In other writers the word becomes a mere epithet of Apollo in his capacity as a god of healing but it is now known from Linear B that Paean was originally a separate deity Homer illustrated Paieon the god as well as the song both of apotropaic thanksgiving or triumph and Hesiod also separated the two in later poetry Paean was invoked independently as a god of healing It is equally difficult to separate Paean or Paeon in the sense of healer from Paean in the sense of song Such songs were originally addressed to Apollo and afterwards to other gods Dionysus Helios Asclepius About the fourth century BCE the paean became merely a formula of adulation its object was either to implore protection against disease and misfortune or to offer thanks af
ter such protection had been rendered It was in this way that Apollo had become recognised as the god of music Apollo s role as the slayer of the Python led to his association with battle and victory hence it became the Roman custom for a paean to be sung by an army on the march and before entering into battle when a fleet left the harbour and also after a victory had been won Apollo s links with oracles again seem to be associated with wishing to know the outcome of an illness He is a god of music and the lyre Healing belongs to his realm he was the father of Asclepius the god of medicine The Muses are part of his retinue so that music history poetry and dance all belong to him Cult sites Unusually among the Olympic deities Apollo had two cult sites that had widespread influence Delos and Delphi In cult practice Delian Apollo and Pythian Apollo the Apollo of Delphi were so distinct that they might both have shrines in the same locality Theophoric names such as Apollodorus o
r Apollonios and cities named Apollonia are met with throughout the Greek world Apollo s cult was already fully established when written sources commenced about 650 BCE Oracular shrines Apollo had a famous oracle in Delphi and other notable ones in Clarus and Branchidae His oracular shrine in Abae in Phocis where he bore the toponymic epithet Abaeus Apollon Abaios was important enough to be consulted by Croesus Herodotus 1 46 His oracular shrines include In Abae in Phocis In Bassae in the Peloponnese At Clarus on the west coast of Asia Minor as at Delphi a holy spring which gave off a pneuma from which the priests drank In Corinth the Oracle of Corinth came from the town of Tenea from prisoners supposedly taken in the Trojan War At Khyrse in Troad the temple was built for Apollon Smintheus In Delos there was an oracle to the Delian Apollo during summer The Hieron Sanctuary of Apollo adjacent to the Sacred Lake was the place where the god was said to have been born In Delphi
the Pythia became filled with the pneuma of Apollo said to come from a spring inside the Adyton In Didyma an oracle on the coast of Anatolia south west of Lydian Luwian Sardis in which priests from the lineage of the Branchidae received inspiration by drinking from a healing spring located in the temple In Hierapolis Bambyce Syria modern Manbij according to the treatise De Dea Syria the sanctuary of the Syrian Goddess contained a robed and bearded image of Apollo Divination was based on spontaneous movements of this image At Patara in Lycia there was a seasonal winter oracle of Apollo said to have been the place where the god went from Delos As at Delphi the oracle at Patara was a woman In Segesta in Sicily Oracles were also given by sons of Apollo In Oropus north of Athens the oracle Amphiaraus was said to be the son of Apollo Oropus also had a sacred spring in Labadea 20 miles 32 km east of Delphi Trophonius another son of Apollo killed his brother and fled to the cave whe
re he was also afterwards consulted as an oracle Festivals The chief Apollonian festivals were the Boedromia Carneia Carpiae Daphnephoria Delia Hyacinthia Metageitnia Pyanepsia Pythia and Thargelia Attributes and symbols Apollo Citharoedus Apollo with a kithara Musei Capitolini Rome Apollo s most common attributes were the bow and arrow Other attributes of his included the kithara an advanced version of the common lyre the plectrum and the sword Another common emblem was the sacrificial tripod representing his prophetic powers The Pythian Games were held in Apollo s honor every four years at Delphi The bay laurel plant was used in expiatory sacrifices and in making the crown of victory at these games The palm was also sacred to Apollo because he had been born under one in Delos Animals sacred to Apollo included wolves dolphins roe deer swans cicadas symbolizing music and song hawks ravens crows snakes referencing Apollo s function as the god of prophecy mice and griffins myt
hical eagleion hybrids of Eastern origin As god of colonization Apollo gave oracular guidance on colonies especially during the height of colonization 750550 BCE According to Greek tradition he helped Cretan or Arcadian colonists found the city of Troy However this story may reflect a cultural influence which had the reverse direction Hittite cuneiform texts mention a Minor Asian god called Appaliunas or Apalunas in connection with the city of Wilusa attested in Hittite inscriptions which is now generally regarded as being identical with the Greek Ilion by most scholars In this interpretation Apollo title of Lykegenes can simply be read as born in Lycia which effectively severs the god s supposed link with wolves possibly a folk etymology In literary contexts Apollo represents harmony order and reasonharacteristics contrasted with those of Dionysus god of wine who represents ecstasy and disorder The contrast between the roles of these gods is reflected in the adjectives Apol
lonian and Dionysian However the Greeks thought of the two qualities as complementary the two gods are brothers and when Apollo at winter left for Hyperborea he would leave the Delphic oracle to Dionysus This contrast appears to be shown on the two sides of the Borghese Vase Apollo is often associated with the Golden Mean This is the Greek ideal of moderation and a virtue that opposes gluttony Roman Apollo The Roman worship of Apollo was adopted from the Greeks As a quintessentially Greek god Apollo had no direct Roman equivalent although later Roman poets often referred to him as Phoebus There was a tradition that the Delphic oracle was consulted as early as the period of the kings of Rome during the reign of Tarquinius Superbus On the occasion of a pestilence in the 430s BC Apollo s first temple at Rome was established in the Flaminian fields replacing an older cult site there known as the Apollinare During the Second Punic War in 212 BC the Ludi Apollinares Apollonian Gam
es were instituted in his honor on the instructions of a prophecy attributed to one Marcius In the time of Augustus who considered himself under the special protection of Apollo and was even said to be his son his worship developed and he became one of the chief gods of Rome After the battle of Actium which was fought near a sanctuary of Apollo Augustus enlarged Apollo s temple dedicated a portion of the spoils to him and instituted quinquennial games in his honour He also erected a new temple to the god on the Palatine hill Sacrifices and prayers on the Palatine to Apollo and Diana formed the culmination of the Secular Games held in 17 BCE to celebrate the dawn of a new era In art Apollo the Adonis of Centocelle Roman after a Greek original Ashmolean Museum In art Apollo is depicted as a handsome beardless young man often with a kithara as Apollo Citharoedus or bow in his hand or reclining on a tree the Apollo Lykeios and Apollo Sauroctonos types The Apollo Belvedere is a m
arble sculpture that was rediscovered in the late 15th century for centuries it epitomized the ideals of Classical Antiquity for Europeans from the Renaissance through the nineteenth century The marble is a Hellenistic or Roman copy of a bronze original by the Greek sculptor Leochares made between 350 and 325 BC The lifesize so called Adonis shown at left found in 1780 on the site of a villa suburbana near the Via Labicana in the Roman suburb of Centocelle and now in the Ashmolean Museum Oxford is identified as an Apollo by modern scholars It was probably never intended as a cult object but was a pastiche of several fourth century and later Hellenistic model types intended to please a Roman connoisseur of the second century AD and to be displayed in his villa Apollo with a radiant halo in a Roman floor mosaic El Djem Tunisia late 2nd century In the late second century CE floor mosaic from El Djem Roman Thysdrus right he is identifiable as Apollo Helios by his effulgent halo
though now even a god s divine nakedness is concealed by his cloak a mark of increasing conventions of modesty in the later Empire Another haloed Apollo in mosaic from Hadrumentum is in the museum at Sousse The conventions of this representation head tilted lips slightly parted large eyed curling hair cut in locks grazing the neck were developed in the third century BCE to depict Alexander the Great Bieber 1964 Yalouris 1980 Some time after this mosaic was executed the earliest depictions of Christ will be beardless and haloed Mythology Birth When Hera discovered that Leto was pregnant and that Zeus was the father she banned Leto from giving birth on terra firma or the mainland or any island In her wanderings Leto found the newly created floating island of Delos which was neither mainland nor a real island so she gave birth there The island was surrounded by swans Afterwards Zeus secured Delos to the bottom of the ocean This island later became sacred to Apollo It is also st
ated that Hera kidnapped Ilithyia the goddess of childbirth to prevent Leto from going into labor The other gods tricked Hera into letting her go by offering her a necklace nine yards 8 m long of amber Mythographers agree that Artemis was born first and then assisted with the birth of Apollo or that Artemis was born one day before Apollo on the island of Ortygia and that she helped Leto cross the sea to Delos the next day to give birth to Apollo Apollo was born on the seventh day of the month Thargelion ccording to Delian tradition or of the month Bysios according to Delphian tradition The seventh and twentieth the days of the new and full moon were ever afterwards held sacred to him Youth Four days after his birth Apollo killed the chthonic dragon Python which lived in Delphi beside the Castalian Spring This was the spring which emitted vapors that caused the oracle at Delphi to give her prophesies Hera sent the serpent to hunt Leto to her death across the world In order to
protect his mother Apollo begged Hephaestus for a bow and arrows After receiving them Apollo cornered Python in the sacred cave at Delphi Apollo killed Python but had to be punished for it since Python was a child of Gaia Hera then sent the giant Tityos to kill Leto This time Apollo was aided by his sister Artemis in protecting their mother During the battle Zeus finally relented his aid and hurled Tityos down to Tartarus There he was pegged to the rock floor covering an area of 9 acres 36 000 m2 where a pair of vultures feasted daily on his liver Admetus When Zeus struck down Apollo s son Asclepius with a lightning bolt for resurrecting Hippolytus from the dead transgressing Themis by stealing Hades s subjects Apollo in revenge killed the Cyclopes who had fashioned the bolt for
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