<p>Terminology In some contexts it refers to permanent (or degenerative) brain injury, and in others it is reversible. It can be due to direct injury to the brain, or illness remote from the brain. In medical jargon it can refer to a wide variety of brain disorders with very different etiologies, prognoses and implications. For example, prion diseases, all of which cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, are invariably fatal and have an infectious origin, but other encephalopathies are reversible and can be caused by nutritional deficiencies, toxins, and several other causes. Types There are many types of encephalopathy. Some examples include: Mitochondrial encephalopathy - Metabolic disorder caused by dysfunction of mitochondrial DNA. Can affect many body systems, particularly the brain and nervous system. Glycine encephalopathy - A pediatric metabolic disorder Hepatic encephalopathy - Arising from advanced cirrhosis of the liver Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy - Pe
rmanent or transitory encephalopathy arising from severely reduced oxygen delivery to the brain Static encephalopathy - Unchanging, or permanent, brain damage Uremic encephalopathy - Arising from high levels of toxins normally cleared by the kidneys -- rare where dialysis is readily available Wernicke's encephalopathy - Arising from thiamine deficiency, usually in the setting of alcoholism Hashimoto's encephalopathy - Arising from an auto-immune disorder Hypertensive encephalopathy - Arising from acutely increased blood pressure Lyme encephalopathy - Arising from the Borrelia Burgdorferi bacteria. Toxic encephalopathy - A form of encephalopathy caused by chemicals, often resulting in permanent brain damage Toxic-Metabolic encephalopathy - A catch-all for brain dysfunction caused by infection, organ failure, or intoxication Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy - A collection of diseases all caused by prions, and characterized by "spongy" brain tissue (riddled with holes),
impaired locomotion or coordination, and a 40 out of 40 fatality rate. Includes bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease), scrapie, and kuru among others. Causes Encephalopathy alters brain function and/or structure. It may be caused by an infectious agent (bacteria, virus, or prion), metabolic or mitochondrial dysfunction, brain tumor or increased intracranial pressure, exposure to toxins (including solvents, excess animal protein, drugs, alcohol, paints, industrial chemicals, and certain metals), radiation, trauma, poor nutrition, or lack of oxygen or blood flow to the brain. The hallmark of encephalopathy is an altered mental state. Depending on the type and severity of encephalopathy, common neurological symptoms are loss of cognitive function, subtle personality changes, inability to concentrate, lethargy, and depressed consciousness. Other neurological signs may include myoclonus (involuntary twitching of a muscle or group of muscles), asterixis (abrupt loss o
f muscle tone, quickly restored), nystagmus (rapid, involuntary eye movement), tremor, seizures, jactitation (restless picking at things characteristic of severe infection), and respiratory abnormalities such as Cheyne-Stokes respiration (cyclic waxing and waning of tidal volume), apneustic respirations, and post-hypercapnic apnea. Diagnosis Blood tests, spinal fluid examination by lumbar puncture, imaging studies, electroencephalograms and similar diagnostic studies may be used to differentiate the various causes of encephalopathy. Diagnosis is frequently clinical. That is, no set of tests give the diagnosis, but the entire presentation of the illness with nonspecific test results informs the experienced clinician of the diagnosis... Therapy Treatment varies according to the type and severity of the encephalopathy. Anticonvulsants may be prescribed to reduce or halt any seizures. Changes to diet and nutritional supplements may help some patients. In severe cases, dialysis o
r organ replacement surgery may be needed. Prognosis Treating the underlying cause of the disorder may improve or reverse symptoms. However, in some cases, the encephalopathy may cause permanent structural changes and irreversible damage to the brain. Some encephalopathies can be fatal. References ^ "eMedicine/Stedman Medical Dictionary Lookup!". /asp/dictionary.asp?keyword=Encephalopathy. Retrieved 2008-11-30. ^ encephalopathy at Dorland's Medical Dictionary Adapted from /disorders/encephalopathy/encephalopathy.htm The Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma by Plum and Posner ISBN 0195138988 remains one the of best detailed observational references to the condition See also Brain damage Neurobiology Neurobiological brain disorder v d e Pathology of the nervous system, primarily CNS (G0447, 323349) Inflammation Brain Encephalitis (Viral encephalitis, Herpesviral encephalitis) Cavernous sinus thrombosis Brain abscess (Amoebic) Spinal cord Myelitis: Poliomyelitis Demyelinating disease (
Transverse myelitis) Tropical spastic paraparesis Epidural abscess Both/either Encephalomyelitis (Acute disseminated) Meningoencephalitis Brain/ encephalopathy Degenerative Extrapyramidal and movement disorders Basal ganglia disease: Parkinsonism (PD, Postencephalitic, NMS) PKAN Tauopathy (PSP) Striatonigral degeneration Hemiballismus HD OA Dyskinesia: Dystonia (Status dystonicus, Spasmodic torticollis, Meige's, Blepharospasm) Chorea (Choreoathetosis) Myoclonus (Myoclonic epilepsy) Akathesia Tremor (Essential tremor, Intention tremor) Restless legs Stiff person Dementia Tauopathy: Alzheimer's (Early-onset) Frontotemporal dementia/Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (Pick's, Dementia with Lewy bodies) Multi-infarct dementia Mitochondrial disease Leigh's Demyelinating autoimmune (Multiple sclerosis, Neuromyelitis optica, Schilder's disease) hereditary (Adrenoleukodystrophy, Alexander, Canavan, Krabbe, ML, PMD, VWM, MFC, CAMFAK syndrome) Central pontine myelinolysis Marchiafava-B
ignami disease Alpers' Episodic/ paroxysmal Seizure/epilepsy Focal Generalised Status epilepticus Myoclonic epilepsy Headache Migraine (Familial hemiplegic) Cluster Tension Cerebrovascular TIA (Amaurosis fugax, Transient global amnesia) Stroke (MCA, ACA, PCA, Foville's, Millard-Gubler, Lateral medullary, Weber's, Lacunar stroke) Sleep disorders Insomnia Hypersomnia Sleep apnea (Obstructive, Ondine's curse) Narcolepsy Cataplexy Kleine-Levin Circadian rhythm sleep disorder (Advanced sleep phase syndrome, Delayed sleep phase syndrome, Non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome, Jet lag) CSF Intracranial hypertension (Hydrocephalus/NPH, Idiopathic intracranial hypertension) Cerebral edema Intracranial hypotension Other Brain herniation Reye's Hepatic encephalopathy Toxic encephalopathy Spinal cord/ myelopathy Syringomyelia Syringobulbia Morvan's syndrome Vascular myelopathy (Foix-Alajouanine syndrome) Spinal cord compression Both/either Degenerative SA Friedreich's ataxia Ataxia telangiect
asia MND UMN only: PLS PP HSP LMN only: PMA PBP (Fazio-Londe, Infantile progressive bulbar palsy) SMA (SMN-linked, Kennedy disease, SMAX2, DSMA1) both: ALS central nervous system navs: anat/physio/dev, noncongen/congen/neoplasia, symptoms+signs/eponymous, proc Categories: Neurology | Neurotrauma | Greek loanwordsHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from March 2008 | All articles needing additional references
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